Photo: feldbacher fruit p...
Steirischer Kren g.g.A
Record Number: 55
Disclosure Date
The good reputation of Steirischer Kren has been well known for as long as approximately 140 years.
Photo: BMLFUW/A...
Steirischer Kren g.g.A
(Styrian horseradish)
Abstract or claim
Traditional cultivation and harvesting of horseradish (Amoracia rusticana) in Southern Styria.
Name of product, Product class
Horseradish, vegetables
Name of region
Southern Styria, Styria, Austria
Field of search
Food and Agriculture
Name of information provider
Landeskammer für Land- und Forstwirtschaft in Steiermark
(Styrian Chamber of Agriculture and Forestry)
Mag. iur. Barbara Reithmayer
Name of applicant for title
Landesverband Steirischer Gemüsebauern
(Styrian Vegetable Growers’ Association)
Hamerlinggasse 3, A- 8010 Graz
Holder of knowledge or associated resources
Styrian horseradish growers listed in a producers’ register kept by the Styrian Vegetable Growers’ Association
Grantee(s), holder(s),
assignee(s) or owner(s) of title, if any
Landesverband Steirischer Gemüsebauern
(Styrian Vegetable Growers’ Association)
Hamerlinggasse 3, A- 8010 Graz
Descriptors
- History:
Horseradish was already cultivated in antiquity. It was known in Egypt in 1500 B.C. and was traditionally used by Jews in Passover Seders. Cato the Elder (234-149 B.C.) discussed the plant in his treatise on agriculture. Horseradish is probably the plant which Pliny the Elder (23 B.C. - 79 A.D.) mentioned and recommended for its medicinal qualities in his Natural History under the name of Amoracia: Horseradish is possibly the Wild Radish or raphanos agrios of the Greeks.
A local Styrian legend has it that a farmer called Sarossa discovered the medicinal effect of horseradish in the Saß valley (political district Feldbach) by pure chance in the 13th century. He observed that his horse recovered from a disease by uprooting and eating horseradish and found the same healthy effect on himself. Since then, horseradish roots have been called “Sarossa-roots” in this area.
It is striking that in this legend a relation exists between the roots and a horse as the roots are termed horseradish in English. However, etymologically, the term “horse” in horseradish does not refer to horses but relates to the once-common figurative sense of horse as "strong, large, coarse".
Medicinal applications and culinary uses:
Horseradish contains vitamin C, vitamin B1, B2 and B6, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and phosphorus, as well as volatile oils, such as mustard oils which can function as antibiotic. The mustard oil allylisothiocyanate is responsible for the pungent taste of horseradish and for causing tears to the eyes.
In medicine horseradish is known to have diuretic properties. The roots have been used to treat various minor health problems, including urinary tract infections, bronchitis, sinus congestion and coughs. Compounds in horseradish have been found to kill some bacterial strains.
The enzyme horseradish peroxidase is an important marker-enzyme in biochemical research fields.
The good reputation of ‘Steirischer Kren g.g.A.’ has been well known for as long as approximately 140 years. Farm cultivation of horseradish in Styria developed from 1940 onwards, beginning in the district of Radkersburg.
Since 1967, contractual cultivation has been organised by the Styrian Vegetable Growers' Association. This has been instrumental in developing ‘Steirischer Kren’ for export also. For over 40 years, ‘Steirischer Kren g.g.A.’ has also been preserved in economically significant quantities.
Styrian farmers have also played a key role in the development of cultivation and harvest methods in this agricultural sector. In 1976, for example, a method was patented for packing horseradish roots. A special uprooter was also developed in Styria for harvesting horseradish, and a Styrian company was even awarded the ‘Fast Forward Award’ — Styria's greatest technology prize — for its method of preserving freshly grated horseradish.
Numerous media reports confirm both the popularity of ‘Steirischer Kren g.g.A.’ and the economic importance of horseradish cultivation and horseradish processing for the region. Unprocessed horseradish is traditionally prized in the Styrian horseradish-growing region mainly as an accompaniment to various pub snacks.
- Region:
‘Steirischer Kren g.g.A.’ is traditionally grown in southern Styria, in the districts of Radkersburg, Feldbach, Leibnitz, Deutschlandsberg, Voitsberg, Graz and surrounding area, Weiz, Hartberg and Fürstenfeld (along a line Hartberg-Weiz-Graz-Voitsberg). This region is delimited by the Wechselbundesstraße (currently called the B 54) and the Packerbundesstraße (currently called the B 70).
Climate and soil conditions:
The Illyrian climate in southern Styria is characterised by high air humidity, relatively high precipitation and high temperatures in the growing season. The average annual temperature is 9.5 °C; average annual precipitation is 880 mm. The medium-heavy soils (brown earth and a high proportion of clay) in the horseradish-growing region have good drainage and thus create ideal growing conditions.
Vegetative reproduction over decades (root-cutting selection) has interacted with these influences in southern Styria to produce ‘Steirischer Kren’ with its excellent taste properties and characteristic appearance — the latter alone enabling experts to distinguish it from horseradish roots of different origin.
Consumers prize and specifically ask for it mainly because of its pungent, fiery taste.
Photo: BMLFUW/Rita Newman
Steirischer Kren g.g.A. is a plant of the family Brassicaceae = Cruciferae (latin name: Amoracia rusticana), synonymous with ‘Meerrettich’ in German. The cultivated horseradish roots are used as fresh product as well the slender lateral roots in some cases (specially in processing).
Description of unprocessed ‘Steirischer Kren’ :
Steirischer Kren g.g.A. has a typical appearance characterised by smooth, even main roots with only slightly bent heads and a small number of fine roots. The average overall length of the main roots is 25 to 30 cm (although it is also sold cut into pieces) and their diameter is approximately 3 cm.
Steirischer Kren g.g.A. is mainly valued for its pungent, fiery taste, which is often highlighted in various tasting sessions and descriptions. The Steirischer Kren g.g.A. is also characterised by robust growth and the fact that it does not tend towards bitterness.
Method of production:
In spring, the root cuttings (selected lateral roots) are planted in the prepared field in rows 70 cm apart. This work is done using planting machines which plant the horseradish root cuttings almost horizontally, 10 to 15 cm apart (in other producing countries, the root cuttings are also planted vertically).
To prevent the formation of unwanted multiple-head roots, from June onwards the root-cutting heads are exposed and all lateral shoots broken off to leave only the strongest shoot. Later on, the roots are again exposed and the lateral shoots and roots broken or cut off to leave just the lowest root crown. In wet years this work is repeated after about one month. This is still the case today, involving laborious work by hand. These steps make it possible to harvest smooth, even roots with slightly bent heads in late autumn (November) or early spring (February/March). This produces the typical appearance of Steirischer Kren.
Harvesting is done using an uprooter (a counter-rotating oscillating drum harvester), which involves digging up the horseradish roots and depositing them on the surface. The harvested horseradish roots are cleaned and, for marketing fresh, usually wrapped in foil or sometimes cut into pieces. To provide a continual market supply, the horseradish roots can be stored uncleaned at a temperature of - 2 °C.
The cultivated area in Styria is currently approximately 300 ha. Annual production is approximatly 3000-4000 tonnes.
Processed ‘Steirischer Kren g.g.A.’ is prepared as follows:
Processing takes place using both the main horseradish roots and the thinner lateral roots, but in all cases using only (100 %) selected, inspected and hand-picked raw material from the specified production region. Raw material which is not processed straight away can be stored in chill rooms at -2 °C.
Gentle processes are used to clean, wash and sort by hand the horseradish roots in order to eliminate those with poor quality. The horseradish roots are then freshly grated and either enriched using additives which improve consistency and preservability (vinegar, oil, citric acid, sulphur), thereby enabling the Steirischer Kren g.g.A. to retain its special aroma and pungency or the freshly grated horseradish is preserved using a natural, gentle process (addition of E 223, preservative), making it comparable for a few months with freshly grated horseradish. Finally, the sterile filling of jars, tubes or tubs takes place.
Proof of origin:
The Styrian Vegetable Growers' Association (Landesverband Steirischer Gemüsebauern) keeps a producers' register with a list of Styrian horseradish growers. Only producers listed in the register may offer Steirischer Kren g.g.A. PGI as an unprocessed raw material or deliver it under that name
to companies for marketing or processing. To this end, the Styrian Vegetable Growers' Association and client companies have jointly created a Steirischer Kren g.g.A. PGI working group. Clear labelling on the product enables the origin to be traced by means of cultivation contracts and land registers in IACS multiple applications. The origin of Steirischer Kren g.g.A. can be identified at all times by means of producers' records (land registers, harvest and sales records).
The sourcing of the root cuttings (selected lateral roots for cultivating horseradish) must be demonstrated when cultivation is extended or taken up. Only root cuttings from registered producers of Steirischer Kren g.g.A. PGI may be used. A study conducted by the Austrian Research Center on distinguishing Steirischer Kren g.g.A. from foreign horseradish samples using isotope investigation resulted in good identification of Steirischer Kren g.g.A. compared to reference samples of different origin. In future cases of doubt, this method will enable Styrian origin to be confirmed or discounted quickly and reliably.
- Utilization:
Steirischer Kren g.g.A. is either preserved — freshly grated — as part of a natural, gentle process which makes it comparable with freshly grated horseradish in terms of appearance and taste, or it is grated and additives are added to improve consistency (creaminess) and preservability. In both cases, it is offered in different types of container (tubes, tins, jars, etc.). Exclusive use of Steirischer Kren g.g.A. guarantees the high level of pungency and fieriness. In addition to the main horseradish roots, the slender lateral roots are also used in processing.
The use of Steirischer Kren g.g.A., with its distinctive properties, also enables processed products of different origin to be distinguished, since pungency and fieriness are retained as a result of gentle processes.
Moreover, Styrian horseradish is the basis for products where horseradish is combined with apples, berries, oranges, cream, vegetables and mustard.
Horseradish is a popular side dish for fish and meat dishes. Traditional dishes are e.g. “Steirisches Wurzelfleisch” (Styrian pork and vegetable stew) with horseradish and “Tafelspitz mit Apfelkren oder Semmelkren” (Stewed “table” beef with apple-horseradish or bun-horseradish).
- Protection:
An application for the protection of “Steirischer Kren g.g.A.” as Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 12 April 2008. Pursuant to Regulation 510/2006 this publication confers the right to object to the application within 6 months from the date of this publication.The description of the specification which is necessary for the registration as PGI is to be found in the Austrian Patent Office (EC No: ÖS/005-0249/PGI/04.09.2002).
Key Words
Food and Agriculture, traditional knowledge, Austria, Styria, Southern Styria, region, horseradish, Amoracia rusticana, horseradish PGI, Steirischer Kren PGI
Bibliography / References
- Publication of an application pursuant to Article 6(2) of Council Regulation (EC)
No 510/2006 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of
origin for agricultural products and foodstuff.
- Summary Council Regulation (EC) No 510/2006 ‘STEIRISCHER KREN”
EC No AT/PGI/005/0249/04
September 2002 Official Journal of the European Union C 91/26, 12 April 2008
- Steirischer Kren
www.genuss-region.at
- Meerrettich
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kren
- SAROSSA- Steirischer Kren
http://www.sarossa.at/
- Meerrettich/Kren
http://www.kren.at
- Meerrettich
http://www.heilkraeuter.de/lexikon/meerrettich.htm
- Meerrettich (Armoracia rusticana, Kreuzblütler, Brassicaceae)
http://www.syngenta-agro.at/at/ku/spezial/arznei/arz_meer.asp
- Kleine Krenkunde
http://www.steirer-kren.at/cms/navigation-oben/produktion.html
- Steirer-Kren; die Innovation in der guten Küche!
http://www.steirer-kren.at/cms/navigation-oben/produkt.html
- Echt scharf! Eine Wurzel mit Heilkraft und Magie.
http://www.steirer-kren.at/cms/navigation-oben/gesund.html
- horseradish
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=h&p=11
- horseradish
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseradish
All internet references last accessed on 17 April 2008.
Language Code
German
Product of www.genuss-region.at
Yes
Regional contact
Landesverband Steirischer Gemüsebauern
(Styrian Vegetable Growers’ Association)
Hamerlinggasse 3
A- 8010 Graz
Phone.: 0043 316/8050 1611
Fax: 0316/8050 1620
E-mail: garten@lk-stmk.at
Authors: Mag. Eva Sommer, Dr. Erhard Höbaus
10.11.2011, Lebensministerium III/4